![]() Duke Power, Smith's enlightening study connects the case and the campaign for equal employment opportunity to the broader civil rights movement and reveals the civil rights community's continued spirit of legal activism well into the 1970s. Smith also highlights the persistent judicial activism of the NAACP-Legal Defense and Education Fund and the ascension of the second generation of civil rights attorneys.īy exploring the virtually untold story of Griggs v. He asserts that alongside the more boisterous expressions of black radicalism of the late sixties, foot soldiers and local leaders of the civil rights community - many of whom were working-class black southerners - mustered ongoing legal efforts to mold Title 7 into meaningful law. Smith shows that after years of nonviolent, direct action protests, African Americans remained vigilant in the 1960s, heading back to the courts to reinvigorate the civil rights acts in an effort to remove the lingering institutional bias left from decades of overt racism. Baller, New York City, and Chambers, Stein, Ferguson and Lanning, Charlotte, N.C., on brief), for appellants. The test though consistently weeded out Blacks from the promotion pool. In short a company was using testing to promote and transfer people within the company to higher positions. Duke Power Company, set some controversial standards regarding racial discrimination. ![]() Smith explores all aspects of Griggs, highlighting the sustained energy of the grassroots civil rights community and the critical importance of courtroom activism. Le-Vonne Chambers, Charlotte, N.C., Jack Greenberg, Morris J. A precedential non-educational case, Griggs vs. In Race, Labor, and Civil Rights, Robert Samuel Smith offers the first full-length historical examination of this important case and its connection to civil rights activism during the second half of the 1960s. Board of Education (1954) in terms of its impact on eradicating race discrimination from American institutions. In doing so, the court delivered a significant anti-employment discrimination verdict. ![]() Duke Power (1971), the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, finding such employment practices violated Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when they disparately affected minorities. The Albemarle decision appears to signal an end to employee testing because in giving great deference to the Equal Employment. .The Act proscribes not only overt discrimination, but also practices that are fair in form but discriminatory in operation. In 1966, thirteen black employees of the Duke Power Company's Dan River Plant in Draper, North Carolina, filed a lawsuit against the company challenging its requirement of a high school diploma or a passing grade on an intelligence test for internal transfer or promotion.
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![]() Start exploring the park’s natural beauty along its many hiking and biking trails. With so much history and outdoor activities, it’s always a good time in Canada’s wilderness when you book flights from Ottawa to Timmins.įlights from Ottawa to Timmins take you to the best of Canada’s great outdoors at Kettle Lakes Provincial Park. Hit the slopes then have some much needed hot chocolate to warm up in the chilly Timmins weather. If you’re visiting Timmins in the winter, make the most of the season at Kamiskotia Snow Resort. With a clock tower, playground area, and several sports fields, this park is the perfect place for a fun afternoon with the whole family. Meet moose and befriend buffalo as you pet and feed the park’s animals.Īfter meeting the wildlife, enjoy the fresh air in Hollinger Park. Flights from Ottawa to Timmins will have you getting to know some of the region’s animal inhabitants on the Cedar Meadows Resort and Spa’s wilderness tours. ![]() Once you’ve had your fill of Timmins dishes, cleanse your palate at one of the nearby attractions. If you’re not full yet, Siva’s Family Restaurant is a classic Timmins treat. In the McIntyre Coffee Shop, this 1939 diner serves cappuccinos with a side of nostalgia. If you get hungry, order up a plate of the past at one of Timmins’ restaurants. Beyond the museum walls, the Timmins murals turn local history into public art. Free admission makes this eclectic collection perfect for any budget. With flights from Ottawa to Timmins, learn about the city’s interesting past at the Timmins Museum. The rich mining history of the city earned it the nickname “The City with a Heart of Gold”. From trekking through Kettle Lakes Provincial Park, to swimming in Gillies Lake and McArthur Lake, Timmins is a goldmine of outdoor activity. Timmins may be known for the 1909 gold rush, but you’ll discover more than just ore in this northern city. Head to the north and strike gold when you book flights from Ottawa to Timmins. ![]() Contact us todayĪ copyright protects works of authorship. We are happy to provide a complimentary consultation. Gerben Law can assist with your copyright matter. After your trademark registration has been approved by the USPTO, it won’t expire, as long as you use the mark consistently and meet renewal deadlines. This is because the date you file your application becomes your priority date, which means anyone wishing to file a similar mark after that date will likely be rejected. Once you are certain another business or individual isn’t already using your mark, submit your trademark application to the USPTO as soon as possible. If you find your mark, or one like it, exists, you may need to make some changes before filing. 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Tip: The Google APIs client libraries can handle some of the authorization process for you. Information that Google supplies when you register your application (such as the client ID and the To request access using OAuth 2.0, your application needs the scope information, as well as Here's the OAuth 2.0 scope information for the Books API: For detailed information about flows for various types of applications, see Google's OAuth 2.0 documentation. Some flows include additional steps, such as using refresh tokens to acquire new access tokens.
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